2008/1: What are the manifestations of the nephrotic syndrome? What are the mechanisms of the oedema?

2008/1: What are the proposed pathogenesis and consequences of pre-eclampsia? Describe the clinical course of pre-eclampsia. Describe the morphological changes in the placenta.

2007/2: What are the types of urinary calculi? What is the pathogenesis of renal stones?

2006/2: What are the manifestations of nephrotic syndrome? What are the underlying processes responsible for these features? What are the causes of nephrotic syndrome?

2006/2: What is the pathogenesis of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis? What is the clinical course of the disease in children? How does the clinical course differ in adults?

2006/1: Infections by what types of streptococci can lead to glomerulonephritis? What is the cause of the glomerular damage? What abnormalities are seen in the urine in a patient with glomerulonephritis?

2006/1: What are the causes of acute tubular necrosis? Describe the phases of acute tubular necrosis.

2006/1: What different substances can renal calculi be composed of? What factors may lead to formation of struvate calculi? What are the potential complications of renal calculi?